Публикации

The question of whether visual working memory (VWM) stores individual features or bound objects as basic units is actively debated. Evidence exists for both feature-based and object-based storages, as well as hierarchically organized representations maintaining both types of information at different levels. One argument for feature-based storage is that features belonging to different dimensions (e.g., color and orientations) can be stored without interference suggesting independent capacities for every dimension. Here, we studied whether the lack of cross-dimensional interference reflects genuinely independent feature storages or mediated by common objects. In three experiments, participants remembered and recalled the colors and orientations of sets of objects. We independently manipulated set sizes within each feature dimension (making colors and orientations either identical or differing across objects). Critically, we assigned to-be-remembered colors and orientations either to same spatially integrated or to different spatially separated objects. We found that the precision and recall probability within each dimension was not affected by set size manipulations in a different dimension when the features belonged to integrated objects. However, manipulations with color set sizes did affect orientation memory when the features were separated. We conclude therefore that different feature dimensions can be encoded and stored independently but the advantage of the independent storages are mediated at the object-based level. This conclusion is consistent with the idea of hierarchically organized VWM.

The adaptation aftereffect (AAE) of mean size suggests that mean size is coded as a basic visual property. Also, size-distance rescaling of individual objects occurs prior to averaging. Because it is unclear whether the AAE is based on rescaled mean size, we tested the degree of AAE as a function the apparent mean size of stimuli presented at different depths. Observers were stereoscopically shown an adapting patch of dots with either a large or small mean size, followed by a brief test circle. Adaptors and tests were presented at a near and a far plane, both in the same or in different planes. Observers then adjusted the size of a probe in the middle plane to match the test size. We found evidence of the AAE and for test size rescaling, but no effect of whether the adaptor and test were presented in the same or in different planes. Our results suggest that the AAE of mean size take places at a lower level of visual processing than size-distance rescaling. This study was funded by RFBR #18-313-00253.

Издание представляет собой учебник для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «Фундаментальная и прикладная лингвистика». В нем освещается широкий диапазон вопросов в области теоретической, прикладной и компьютерной лингвистики, взаи- модействие языкознания и когнитивной науки, вопросы языкового разнообразия и языкового родства, а также история языкознания.

Глава содержит сведения о "когнитивной революции" 1950-х гг., об основных подходов в когнитивной науке, о методах когнитивных исследований и о междисциплинарном взаимодействии лингвистики с другими когнитивными дисциплинами.  

На организационную эффективность влияет целый ряд психологических факторов, часть из которых связана с активизацией творческого потенциала сотрудников. Важную роль при этом играют как их личностные характеристики (например, креативность и инновационность), так и психологический микроклимат в организации, а также форма и интенсивность влияния трансформационного  лидера на своих  подопечных.  В статье анализируются  указанные факторы и дается обоснование важности участия субъекта в совместном творчестве для активизации его творческого потенциала. Описываются основные достоинства и недостатки такой формы творческой деятельности на примере широко известной технологии мозгового штурма.       

Существует целый ряд  психологических закономерностей протекания группового процесса при решении творческих задач. Одной из них является взаимная когнитивная стимуляция  участников группового творчества. Кратко описаны два проведенных автором и его коллегами  экспериментальных исследования, направленных на изучение конкретных форм когнитивного влияния чужих идей на параметры творческого продуцирования субъекта. В первом экспериментальном исследовании  изучалось влияние на креативность субъекта чужих идей разного содержания, предъявленных в условиях «живого» общения, а также при разных формах опосредования. Результаты показали положительное влияние высокооригинальных и абсурдных идей  на параметры креативности субъекта.  Анализ полученных эмпирических данных в рамках второго исследования  показал положительное влияние  декомпозиции предъявляемого  испытуемым стимульного материала на эффективность продуцирования ими своих собственных идей. Полученные в этих экспериментальных исследованиях результаты могут быть использованы для оптимизации групповых творческих процессов в организационном контексте.

Эмоциональная конгруэнтность при восприятии эмоций проявляется в повышении сензитивности к тому типу эмоций, которые соответствуют эмоциональному состоянию наблюдателя. Цель настоящего исследования состояла в том, чтобы проверить, будет ли получен устойчивый эффект эмоциональной конгруэнтности с помощью разработанной авторами новой экспериментальной методики. Было проведено 2 эксперимента, в которых приняли участие соответственно 69 (средний возраст 20,2; 57 женщин) и 58 (средний возраст 18,2; 50 женщин) испытуемых. У испытуемых индуцировались радость или грусть, после чего они определяли, какие эмоции были представлены в неоднозначных выражениях лица. В обоих экспериментах был получен эффект эмоциональной конгруэнтности: в радостном состоянии, по сравнению с грустным состоянием, испытуемые чаще видели радость и реже грусть в лицах с неоднозначным выражением. Дальнейшие исследования должны быть направлены на сопоставление теоретических моделей, которые связывают механизмы, лежащие в основе эмоциональной конгруэнтности, либо с восприятием стимула, либо с порождением ответа.

The question whether visual working memory (VWM) stores individual features or bound objects as basic units is actively debated. Evidence exists for both feature-based and object-based storages, as well as hierarchically organized representations maintaining both types of information at different levels. One argument for feature-based storage is that features belonging to different dimensions (e.g., color and orientations) can be stored without interference suggesting independent capacities for every dimension. Here, whether the lack of crossdimensional interference reflects genuinely independent feature storages or mediated by common objects. In three experiments, participants remembered and recalled the colors and orientations of sets of objects. We independently manipulated set sizes within each feature dimension (making colors and orientations either identical or differing across objects). Critically, we assigned to-be-remembered colors and orientations either to same spatially integrated or to different spatially separated objects. We found that the precision and recall probability within each dimension was not affected be set size manipulations in a different dimension when the features belonged to integrated objects. However, manipulations with color set sizes did affect orientation memory when the features were separated. We conclude therefore that different feature dimensions can be encoded and stored independently but the advantage of the independent storages are mediated at the object-based level. This conclusion is consistent with the idea of hierarchically organized VWM.

When storing multiple objects in visual working memory, observers sometimes misattribute perceived features to incorrect locations or objects. These "swaps" are usually explained by a failure to store object representations in a bound form. Swap errors have been demonstrated mostly in simple objects whose features (color, orientation, shape) are easy to encode independently. Here, we tested whether similar swaps can occur with real-world objects where the connections between features are meaningful. In Experiment 1, observers were simultaneously shown four items from two object categories (two exemplars per category). Within a category, the exemplars could be presented in either the same (two open boxes) or different states (one open, one closed box). After a delay, two exemplars drawn from one category were shown in both possible states. Participants had to recognize which exemplar went with which state. In a control task, they had to recognize two old vs. two new exemplars. Participants showed good memory for exemplars when no binding was required. However, when the tested objects were shown in the different states, participants were less accurate. Good memory for state information and for exemplar information on their own, with a significant memory decrement for exemplar-state combinations suggest that binding was difficult for observers and "swap" errors occurred even for real-world objects. In Experiment 2 we used the same tasks, but on half of trials the locations of the exemplars were swapped at test. We found that participants ascribed incorrect states to exemplars more frequently when the locations were swapped. We conclude that the internal features of real-world objects are not perfectly bound in VWM and can be attached to locations independently. Overall, we provide evidence that even real-world objects are not stored in an entirely bound representation in working memory.

Subcultures frequently tend to have some distinct fashion style, which eventually becomes their “trademark” and drifts to the common knowledge of one culture or another. However, to what extent can these characteristics of certain groups be intervened with vast cultural heritage? We examined the influence of specific features of “gopnik” fashion on visual search performance. We conducted two experiments to investigate familiarity and threatening effects of these objects in visual search. Overall, our results demonstrate visual search asymmetry for man-like and gopnik-like objects, which could not be explained by basic features differences of these stimuli. We suggest that nowadays in Russia gopniks are represented as familiar group, rather than dangerous.